托福写作理论
作者：愿达学校
中国考生普遍对写作重视不够，一方面以为写作分仅作参考，另一方面以为写作是冰冻三尺非一日之寒，无法准备，因而采取听天由命的态度。事实上，写作是对托福这种标准化考试缺陷的弥补。考托福可以"投机取巧"，写作更能反映你的真实水平，许多学校现在明确要求写作分达到4.5分，所以如果放弃写作，会被排除在许多学校之外。那么我们在短时间内是否在写作上真的无能为力呢？不是！其实我们只需6小时就可解决写作的基本框架问题，以后再练习写几篇即可大功告成。本书中所列举的全部是全真托福写作题（87年-现在），并包含ETS提供的未来机考题。
TWE简介
TWE是Test of Written
English的缩写。TWE考试时间长度为半小时，于托福考试前半小时举行，成绩记录在同一报告单的专用栏目内。考试内容为，就ETS（美国教育考试中心）所提供的一个简单作文题，写一篇200至300字的文章。由于文章只是询问你的观点，且作文题非常常见，考生不必具备专门知识。
阅卷方式
作文卷通常由ETS聘请美国中学或大学英语教师阅卷。每篇作文由两个评卷人独立评分，然后取平均分，如两个评卷人的评分差距太大，则请第三人裁决。分数等级分为1至6分，有半分制，如：5.5, 4.5, 3.5...。
评分标准
ETS
评分标准如下：
Scores Explanations of TWE Scores
6. Demonstrates clear competence
in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic
levels, though the essay may have occasional errors.
5. Demonstrates competence in writing
on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though
the essay may have occasional errors.
4. Demonstrates minimal
competence in writing on both the rhetorical and
syntactic levels.
3. Demonstrates some developing
competence in writing, but the essay remains flawed
on either the rhetorical or syntactic level, or
both.
2. Suggests incompetence
in writing.
1. Demonstrates incompetence
in writing.
TOEFL/ TWE成绩报告单上也会出现下列符号：
INR 未写作文
Off
文不对题
*
本次无写作
**
无成绩
评分案例
Topic 1
Do you agree or
disagree with the following statement?
Teachers
should make learning enjoyable and fun for their
students.
Use reasons and
specific examples to support your opinion.
作文分数：1分
评语：Demonstrates incompetence
in writing
A paper in this
category
* may be incoherent
* may be undeveloped
* may contain
severe and persistent writing errors.
作文实例：
Teachers should
make learning enjoyable and fun for their students.
I think Teachers should make learning enjoyable
and fun for their student. Do you agree or disagree
with the statement? Yes, I do. Why do I think so?
Because The teacher is teaching the students. and
The student is teaching the teachers. of course
me too. This is very important. It is don't forget
us! (65 words)
作文分数：2分
评语：Suggests incompetence
in writing
A paper in this
category is seriously flawed by one or more of the
following weaknesses:
* serious disorganization or
underdevelopment
* little or no detail, or irrelevant
specifics
* serious and frequent errors
in sentence structure or usage
* serious problems with focus
作文实例：
The
teacher is important for school, most students don't
like them. Sometimes we can find to that teacher
was boring. I think of teacher should make learning
enjoyable and fun for their students, because they
could by means of learning and fun get many students.
Another they could be better teacher and good skill
from eduction
And than A teacher
should make leaing ciriously with their students,
I think this way not good for teacher. For example
the student will be fear and dislike to the teacher
Beside they don't like enjoy their class maybe they
cut it.
Good as well as saying
the teacher basic of eduction in the country in
the concult I like teacher learning enjoyable and
funny and then I'll be interested with class and
get many things that is better for me. (137 words)
作文分数：3分
评语：Demonstrate some
developing competence
in writing, but it remains flawed on either
the rhetorical or syntactic level, or both.
A paper in this
category may reveal one or more of the following
weaknesses:
* inadequate organization
or development
* inappropriate or
insufficient choice of words or word forms
* an accumulation
of errors in sentence structure and/or usage
TEACHERS
SHOULD MAKE LEARNING ENJOYABLE AND FUN FOR THEIR
STUDENTS. DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT?
GIVE REASONS TO SUPPORT YOUR OPINION.
IF
MY TEACHERS MAKE LEARNING ENJOYABLE AND FUN FOR
MY CLASS. I AGREE THAT. BECAUSE I THINK IT IS A
GOOD WAY TO MAKE STUDENT REMEMBER IN SUBJECT AND
WANT TO STUDY IN SCHOOL SO I AM A STUDENT IN SCHOOL.
THEY STAY ON TIME AND TEACH ALL OF TIME UNTIL FINISH.
WE DON'T HAVE BREAK TIMES OR TIME FOR RELAX. AFTER
CLASS WE ARE VERY TRIED AND WE COULDN'T TO REMEMBER
THAT THE TEACHER REACH US. WE KNOW NOTHING, BUT
SOME TEACHER KNOWS ABOUT THAT HE TRIES TO TEACH
US AND HAVE TIME TO RELEAX OR ENJOYABLE FOR EXAMPLE
WE TAKE TOGETHER IN CLASS OF HAVE SOME GAME TO PLAY
TOGETHER ABOUT SUBJECT THAT THE TEACHER TEACHS US
OR HAVE BREAK TIME FOR DRINK WATER. I LIKE THIS
WAY TO STUDY, I THINK IT HAVES US UNDERSTAND AND
WANT TO STUDY MORE THAN ANOTHER WAY. I THINK I CAN
SAY INTERSENT EVERY STUDENT I LIKE IF TEACHERS SHOULD
MAKE LEANING ENJOYABLE AND FUN FOR THEIR STUDENTS.
I AGREE. (193 WORDS)
作文分数：4分
评语：Demonstrate minimal
competence in
writing on
both the rhetorical or syntactic
level.
A paper in this
category
* addresses the writing
topic adequately but may slight parts of the task
* is adequately organized
and developed
* uses some details
to support a thesis or illustrate an idea
* demonstrates adequate
but possibly inconsistent facility with syntax and
usage
* may contain some
errors that occasionally obscure meaning
In
my point of view I do agree that teachers should
make learning enjoyable and fun for their students
for the following reasons.
Firstly,
students may pay more attention of what the teacher
says. Instead of talking to somebody else they may
concentrate on their work. Since the most important
thing is that they are not bored by the lesson.
Secondly,
the teacher will be more welcomed by students. For
one may compare a friendly, funny teacher to those
boring, strict one.
Thirdly,
the lively envionment of learning makes students
have a high spirit of learning. Students may actively
participate in class activities. Thus, though different
approaches of teaching students may learn more or
be more enjoyable
All in all, the imperative purpose is to make students
feel learning is a relaxed way not stressing too
much pressure on them. Gradually, they will find
interest in learning. Therefore, I strongly agree
that teachers should make learning enjoyable and
fun for their students. (162 words)
作文分数：5分
评语：Demonstrates competence
in writing on
both the rhetorical and syntactic levels,
though it will probably have occasional
errors.
A paper in this
category
* may address
some parts of the task more effectively than others
* is generally
well organized and well developed
* uses details
to support a thesis or illustrate an idea
* displays
facility in the use of language
* demonstrates
some syntactic variety and range of vocabulary
作文实例：
Teachers
should make learning enjoyable and fun for their
students. I do completely agree with this statement.
I believe that there have been many studies done
on this subject, and they all indicate that if children
during their first years of schooling associate
learning as enjoyable and fun they will learn the
subjects and retain more than if presented on a
dull way. The trend in learning and education appears to support this
idea.
The
role of the teacher
now days is more than just giving away a number
of facts for students to learn. By making learning
fun and enjoyable the student will also get motivated
and probably do some research or outside class investingation
to enrich his or her own knowledge. Some may say
this is a lot of work for the teachers. However
if you look at all the technology available, for
example computer educational programs, educational video etc; they all try make the
learning process enjoyable and fun. It is easier
for teachers to plan their classes by using such
materials. Students benefit as well since they are
learning without associating the process as been
a tedious chore needed to get a grade and pass a
class.
I
do believe that in the long run both students and
teachers will achive great results and a sence of
a well accomplished job by approaching learning
as an enjoyable and fun activity. (234 words)
作文分数：6分
评语：Demonstrates clear
competence in writing
on both the
rhetorical and syntactic levels,
though it
may have occasional errors.
A paper in this
category
* effectively
address the writing task
* is well organized
and well developed
* uses clearly
appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate
ideas
* displays
consistent facility in the use of language
* demonstrates
syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.
作文实例：
I
do strongly support the idea that teachers should
make learning enjoyable and fun for the student.
This I support with the following reasons.
First
let us take the psychological component of a student.
A child or student will be more receptive, to anything
including studies, if the subject matter is presented
in an interesting and enjoyable manner. If not there
is every likelihood that the student will be unwilling
or will reject the matter presented as he considers
studying is a burden on him.
My
second point is that the present day student faces
tremendous amount of distractions such as interesting
television programs, drugs, distractions from opposite
sexes and many more. To get the studies away from
all these and to get him interested in studies there
is obviously no other way than to make learning
interesting.
The
present day students are also pressured with tremendous
amount of competition from other students. With
this mounting pressure on them coupled with the
hush expectation of the parents, it will lighten
the burden on the young students with a more acceptable
form of presentation that is in an enjoyable and
fun manner.
Retention is another
factor that should considered important. Any presentation
which is given in an interesting or enjoyable manner
can be retained well by the students. If they subject
matter presented is uninteresting than there is
strong likelihood the student will forget the subject
matter presented in days or even hours.
When
presenting a subject the teacher should create a
desire amongst the student to crave for more knowledge
on the subject and this can certainly be obtained
if the subject matter is presented in a fun and
enjoyable manner.
It
can also be said that the present day communication
system is so advanced and these are simple teaching
aids and techniques to make teaching fun and enjoyable.
So why not utilise the opportunities to the full
so that the students at the receiving end can benefit
to the full.
Last
but not least I wish to say that by making teaching
fun and enjoyable the like expectancy of both the
students and the teacher can be extended.
(359 words)
基本题型
TWE作文题型于1987年5月后即废除了表格类，全部代之以文字题。文字题基本上统一为表态类、选择类、及列举类这三类议论文。
表态类
此类题特点是列出一种有争议的观点，请你表态赞同或反对。
Topic 2
Some
say that the world would be a better place now
if the automobile had never been invented. Decide
if you agree or disagree with this statement and
give specific reasons for your decision.
Topic 3
“When
people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck
has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree
or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific
reasons and examples to explain your positions.
选择类
此类题特点是列出两种对立观点，请你选择。
Topic 4
Some people
pay money for the things they want or need, other
people trade product or goods for what they need.
Compare the advantages of this two ways of obtaining
things, which way do you prefer? Explain why?
Topic 5
Some people say that the best way to raise
children is to encourage them to be independent
thinkers. Others disagree and say that children
need to be taught discipline in order to become
successful. Using specific examples, discuss these
two opinions. State which one you agree with and
why.
Topic 6
Some people say that pure science is more
important than applied science, whereas other
people stress the importance of applied science.
Write a brief essay in which you discuss each
of these positions. Your discussion should be
illustrated by one or two examples. Finally you
should explain which position you support.
列举类
此类题特点是列出一种观点，请你举例支持。
Topic 7
Inventions
such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have
had an important effect on our lives. Choose another
invention that you think is important.
Give
specific reasons.
Topic 8
Neighbors
are the people who live near us. In your opinion,
what are the qualities of a good neighbor?
Use specific details and examples in your answer.
解题技巧
写作程序
第一步：审题：判断题型、决定套用模式
第二步：想出几条理由
第三步：套用模式逐句写
第四步：检查修改：格式、语法、拼写、标点等。
写作注意事项
l
阅卷人并不指望你在半小时内写出惊世之作，他只想看看你是否能用英语写作，所以不必小题大作。托福写作也不是什么高深论文，不必钻牛角尖，对问题的理解大方向正确即可。另请记住下列劝告
l
句子简洁明了，勿用复杂的汉语翻译句
l
常见问题：in which用错、或在主句前放太多的状语从句
l
勿用不会拼写的词，遇上不会的单词，可换种说法绕过去
l
注意标点符号：如大小写、从句间的逗号、句子完结后的句号。常见问题：句首字母不大写，句尾用逗号。
写作模块
表态类套用模块：
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题
第二句：改编题目
第三句：表态
第四句：说明有N条支持理由
第二段body：
第一层意思：用一句话概括第一条理由、接着具体说明这条理由
第二层意思：用一句话概括第二条理由、接着具体说明这条理由
第三层意思：用一句话概括第三条理由、接着具体说明这条理由
……
第三段conclusion：
第一层意思：用一句话概括N条理由，并再次表态。
第二层意思：承认反方观点也有可取之处，再回答出于什么考虑不赞成它。
以Topic 2为例：
Some
say that the world would be a better place now
if the automobile had
never been invented. Decide if you agree or disagree
with this statement and give specific reasons
for your decision.
第一段第一句：
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题：The automobile has
become an indispensable part of our life.
第二句：照抄论题，必要时略作改编：Some say that the world would
be a better place now if the automobile had never
been invented.
第三句：表态：I do not quite agree
with this statement.
第四句：说明有几条理由：There are three reasons for
my decision.
第二段body：
第一层意思：用一句话概括第一条理由：First of all, the
automobile can carry more things than people could
do before. 接着具体说明这条理由：For instance, before the automobile
was invented, people mainly used carts drawn by
horses to carry goods. These carts cannot carry
large amount of such goods as coal, iron, construction
materials, fertilizers, grains, fruits, etc. People
could not enjoy the things made or produced in far
away places. But the invention of the automobile
made it possible. Life is much better than before.
第二层意思：用一句话概括第二条理由：Secondly, the automobile
can carry much heavier things than people could
do before.接着具体说明这条理由：There are many heavy
things that need to be transported from one place
to another. Without the automobile, this is almost
impossible. Suppose you want to move to another
part of the town, all you need to do is to find
a truck. Otherwise, you would have to break your
back to carry all your furniture to the new place.
Obviously, the automobile has made our life much
easier.
第三层意思：用一句话概括第三条理由：Lastly, the automobile
can move much faster. 接着具体说明这条理由：If we want to travel
to another city 200 miles away, we can take a bus,
it will probably take us only one morning. But with
other means, say the carriage, it would probably
take us 12 hours. We would arrive at our destination
in bad shape. The automobile saves us time.
第三段conclusion：
第一层意思：以上述理由为据再次表态：In short, the automobile
has made our life much easier and much better since
its invention. That’s why I disagree that the world
would be a better place now if the automobile had
never been invented.
第二层意思：承认对方也有可取之处，或己方有不足之处：Although the automobile
has brought such serious problems as air pollution,
traffic jams, and road accidents, 再回答出于什么考虑不赞成对方，或赞成己方：these can be solved
with the development of technology and the improvement
of traffic control. We do not have to get rid of
the automobile just to avoid these problems.
选择类套用模块：
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题
第二句：照抄论题，必要时略作改编
第三句：先表示双方各有千秋
第二段body1：
第一句：正方有三点主要好处。接着一一列举其三点好处
第三段body2：
第一句：反方也有好处。接着列举其两点主要好处
第四段conclusion：
第一句：作出个人选择，接着回答既然各有千秋，为何“厚此薄彼”？如选择平衡立场，则说明不偏不倚的好处，或在实践中如何操作。
Topic 4：
Some people pay
money for the things they want or need. Other
people trade products or goods for what they need.
Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining
things, which way do you prefer? Explain why?
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题：There are two ways
in which people can get what they need from other
people.
第二句：照抄论题，必要时略作改编：Some people pay
money for the things they want or need. Other people
trade products or goods for what they need.
第三句：表态：双方各有千秋： Either of these two ways of
obtaining things has its advantages.
第二段body1：
第一句话：正方有三点主要好处。Paying money for the things
we want or need has at least three advantages. 接着一一列举其三点好处：First of all, money
is easy to carry about. For instance, when we go
shopping we can carry some bank notes in our purse
rather than carrying loads of goods. Secondly, money
can measure precisely the value of all kinds of
goods and services. Thirdly, money can be stored
for later use easily. Goods can go bad if not carefully
reserved, and they can take up too much room. But
there are no such problems with money.
第三段body 2：
第一句话：反方也有好处。Trading products or goods for
what we need also has its advantages. 接着列举其两点主要好处：First of all, there
are times when you have to trade products or goods
for what you want or need. For example, when you
have no money for what you need, but you happen
to have something other people need, trading products
or goods for what you want is obviously the best
solution. Secondly, there are things that are not
measured in terms of money but in terms of the appreciation
of the two parties involved. For example, my friend
has a novel which I want, and I have a CD which
he wants. Neither the novel nor the CD is available
in the market any longer. And neither he or I will
give our favorite things away for money. In such
cases, trading products or goods seems to be mutually
convenient.
第四段conclusion：
第一句话：作出个人选择：I prefer to pay money for what
I want. 接着回答既然各有千秋，为何“厚此薄彼”？Although trading
products or goods for what people need is also a
useful way of obtaining things in some cases, it
is not convenient for most people in most cases.
Personally, I hate the idea of carrying a big bag
full of goods around when I go shopping. 如选择平衡立场：I think both ways
of obtaining things are useful.则说明在实践中如何操作：Most of the time
I prefer to pay money for what I want. But sometimes
I will trade what I no longer need for the things
that I want.
列举类套用模块：
单纯陈述类结构较简单，但有两个难点：
(1) 不易写出足够分量
解决办法：多想几条理由，选择自己熟悉的例子。如果只能想出一条理由，则将此理由细分为三个方面，再一一举例说明。
(2) 结论段除了重复开头段的主题句外，很多人发现再无话可说
解决办法：加写对该主题未来发展的预测，及其意义，我们应该怎么样等等。
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题
第二句：照抄论题
第三句：点明要举的例子
第四句：说明有几条理由/方面支持这一论题
第二段body：
第一层意思：用一句话概括第一条理由/方面、接着具体说明
第二层意思：用一句话概括第二条理由/方面、接着具体说明
第三层意思：用一句话概括第三条理由/方面、接着具体说明
第三段conclusion：
第一层意思：以上述理由为据再次重复论题观点。
第二层意思：从反面说明如果不是这样会怎么样。
第三层意思：这一现象说明什么。
以Topic 6为例：
Inventions such
as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had
an important effect on our lives. Choose another
invention that you think is important.
第一段introduction：
第一句：以一句概括性引语引出论题：Inventions always
brings changes to our lives. 第二句：照抄论题：Inventions such
as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an
important effect on our lives.
第三句：点明要举的例子：Another invention
that has had an important effect on our lives is
the television.
第四句：说明有几条理由支持这一论题/ 或从几个方面说明这一点：This effect can be seen in
at least three aspects.
第二段body：
第一层意思：用一句话概括第一条理由/方面：Firstly, the television brings
the world closer to us.接着具体说明：For example, it
connects us to the latest developments in every
corner of the world. Sitting in front of a TV screen,
we witness the current events in the Middle East
at one moment, and those in North America at another.
第二层意思：用一句话概括第二条理由/方面：Secondly, the television brings
about a new way of education. 接着具体说明：For instance, it
has offered various teaching programs for people
who do not have time or chance to go to universities.
Tens of thousands of people have benefited from
these programs.
第三层意思：用一句话概括第三条理由/方面：Thirdly, the television brings
entertainment to our homes. 接着具体说明：People can enjoy
all kinds of entertainment such as movies, theater,
concert, sports, etc., without going out. They can
also watch entertainment happening abroad. For example,
they do not have to go to France to watch the World
Cup Soccer Game.
第三段conclusion：
第一层意思：以上述理由为据再次重复论题观点：All these examples show what
an important effect such an invention as the television
has on us.
第二层意思：从反面说明如果不是这样会怎么样：Without the television
these would never have been possible. In short,
our lives have been made much better since we had
the television. It is obvious that inventions can
have an important effect on our lives.
第三层意思：这一现象的意义或未来的发展趋势：And it seems that
this effect will be extended further when the television
is combined with other technologies such as the
telephone and the computer.
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